<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="issn">2583-7214</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>TMP Universal Journal of Research and Review Archives</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2583-7214</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Ms Ashvi Jain</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.69557/ujrra.v4i3.199</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF COMBINED EXTRACTS OF CAESALPINIA PULCHERRIMA AND ZINGIBER OFFICINALE</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jagadish</surname>
            <given-names>Kailasam</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aparna</surname>
            <given-names>Dr. B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kumar</surname>
            <given-names>Dibba Praveen</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Inti</surname>
            <given-names>Saranya</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff-1">Department of Pharmacognosy &amp; Phytochemistry, Sri Sivani College of Pharmacy, Andhra Pradesh.</aff>
      <aff id="aff-2">Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Malla Reddy Pharmacy College, Hyderabad.</aff>
      <aff id="aff-3">Department of Pharmacology, Sri Sivani College of Pharmacy, Andra Pradesh.</aff>
      <aff id="aff-4">Department Of Pharmacy, Vijaya College of Pharmacy, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh.</aff>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-08-23">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>4</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2025 baliwadaaparna_03 aparna, Jagadish Kailasam</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2025</copyright-year>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">
          <license-p>
            This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License which permits unrestricted use, sharing, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
            <uri xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</uri>
          </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <self-uri xlink:href="https://tmp.twistingmemoirs.com/index.php/ujrra/article/view/199"/>
      <abstract>
        <p>The rise of multidrug-resistant (MDR) microorganisms has driven the search for novel plant-derived antimicrobial agents.This study evaluated the in vitro antimicrobial potential of Caesalpinia pulcherrima leaf and Zingiber officinale rhizome extracts, individually and in combination, against pathogenic bacteria, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, saponins, glycosides, phenols, triterpenoids, proteins, and reducing sugars in both the extracts.Using agar disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays, the combination of both extracts demonstrated synergistic activity, yielding larger zones of inhibition and lower MIC values than those of the individual extracts, approaching the efficacy of ciprofloxacin.These findings suggest that the combined plant extracts could serve as promising candidates for novel antimicrobial therapies.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Caesalpinia pulcherrima</kwd>
        <kwd>Zingiber officinale</kwd>
        <kwd>antimicrobial activity</kwd>
        <kwd>phytochemistry</kwd>
        <kwd>medicinal plants</kwd>
        <kwd>synergistic effect</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>